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	Mark Article	Abstract=20 , Full Text

Science and Technology: A blistering = challenge; Genetics

The=20 Economist. London: Nov=20 1, 2003.Vol.369, Iss. 8348; pg. 101

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Subjects:
Classification Codes	5400 Research &=20 development, 9190 United = States, 9000 Short = article
Locations:	United States, US
People:	Gibson, Greg, Dworkin, Ian
Companies:	North Carolina State University=20 (NAICS: 611310 )
Article types:	Feature
Section:	Science and = Technology
Publication title:	The=20 Economist. London: Nov=20 1,=20 = 2003. Vol. 369, Iss. 8348; pg. 10= 1
Source Type:	Periodical
ISSN/ISBN:	00130613
ProQuest document ID:	435091591
Text Word Count	703
Article URL:	http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=3DZ39.88-2004&am= p;res_dat=3Dxri:pqd&rft_val_fmt=3Dinfo:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&ge= nre=3Darticle&rft_dat=3Dxri:pqd:did=3D000000435091591&svc_dat=3Dx= ri:pqil:fmt=3Dtext&req_dat=3Dxri:pqil:pq_clntid=3D15092

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Abstract = (Article=20 Summary)

Scientists at Norht Carolina State University have pinpointed a = series=20 of so-called cryptic variations that have no effect on a protein's = structure, but can nevertheless, if the circumstances are right, = have a=20 significant effect on the individual they belong to. One of the = genes in=20 Drosophila is called Egfr. When this goes wrong, the wonky protein = that=20 results causes a fly's eyes to blister up, because too many = photoreceptor=20 cells are produced in them. In this case the blistering happens = even if=20 the other copy of the gene is = healthy.

Full = Text (703=20 words)

Genetics gets more complicated

THE official version of genetics is fairly straightforward. = Genes are=20 encoded in a molecule called DNA. This molecule is a = double-stranded helix=20 made from four different types of sub-molecule. These types are=20 interchangeable, and can thus appear in any order in a strand. = Reading the=20 sub-molecules in groups of three (essentially, genetic "words") = yields a=20 message. The machinery of a cell can translate this message into a = protein. And proteins are the molecules that do most of the work = in a=20 cell. Hence genes control cells. Hence, also, changing the order = of the=20 sub-molecules means that the message gets changed, and with it the = protein.

Such changes are called mutations. Not all are detrimental. = Some have=20 no real effect, and are known as silent mutations. This is either = because=20 they cause no change in the composition of the protein that the = gene=20 encodes (some apparently different genetic words actually have the = same=20 meaning to the protein-making apparatus), or because the change = they make=20 has no effect on the protein's function. But if an effect is = there, it=20 will always be there unless it is masked by a second, undamaged = copy of=20 the gene in question. (There are two versions of most genes in an=20 individual, one inherited from each parent.) That, at least, is = the=20 received wisdom. However, a study by Greg Gibson, Ian Dworkin and = their=20 colleagues at North=20 Carolina State University, in Raleigh, suggests things may be = more=20 complicated and subtle than that. Working with the geneticists' = favourite=20 animal, the fruit fly Drosophila, Dr Gibson has pinpointed a = series of=20 so-called cryptic variations that have no effect on a protein's = structure,=20 but can nevertheless, if the circumstances are right, have a = significant=20 effect on the individual they belong to.

One of the genes in Drosophila is called Egfr. When this goes = wrong,=20 the wonky protein that results causes a fly's eyes to blister up, = because=20 too many photoreceptor cells are produced in them. In this case = the=20 blistering happens even if the other copy of the gene is healthy. = In other=20 words, a healthy gene cannot mask the blistering. That much is = familiar to=20 fly geneticists. However, the degree of blistering varies. Such=20 variability could be due to environmental factors, but Dr Gibson = suspected=20 it might actually be due to minor variations in the healthy copy = of the=20 Egfr gene.

So much is known about fly genetics that a lot of these minor=20 variations have already been identified, and lines of flies with=20 particular versions of them bred routinely. The versions in = question are=20 called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), because they = involve=20 substitutions of individual sub-molecules (nucleotides, as they = are known=20 technically) in the helix. In healthy flies, these substitutions = have no=20 perceptible effect. But when Dr Dworkin crossbred a range of fly = lines=20 each carrying a different silent SNP in the Egfr gene, with flies = from a=20 line that had a damaged Egfr gene, he found that the amount of = blistering=20 in the offspring varied significantly. More to the point, the = variation=20 was between lines, rather than within them, showing that the SNPs = were=20 somehow modifying the effect of the Egfr protein without modifying = the=20 protein itself.

How this happens is unclear. Probably, the SNPs are changing = the amount=20 of Egfr protein produced, by fine-tuning the way the gene's = message is=20 broadcast to the cell's protein-making apparatus. But whatever its = cause,=20 it is a significant finding. A number of human diseases caused by = damaged=20 genes, such as cystic fibrosis and a range of cancers, have a = similarly=20 variable expression. It has long been suspected that in these = cases, too,=20 some sort of "cryptic" variation is to blame. But, before Dr = Gibson's=20 work, the existence of such variation was hypothetical. Now that = the=20 phenomenon has been exposed, it should be possible to find out how = it=20 works. That, in turn, may suggest ways of ameliorating these = diseases by=20 "turning down" some of the biochemical switches involved. And = regardless=20 of the practical consequences, Dr Gibson's work has shown that = even=20 genetic determinism is not the simple process that some of its = proponents=20 would have you believe. That alone is a lesson worth learning.

[Illustration]

Caption: Who are you calling=20 blistered?

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#ff0000; FONT-FAMILY: "Courier New", Courier, monospace } .rowNone TD { BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } P.NSForm { MARGIN-TOP: -1em } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C4A55B.1DE83260 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://proquest.umi.com/html/en/pq5.css BODY { BACKGROUND: #ffffff; MARGIN: 5px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } A { COLOR: #003399 } A:visited { COLOR: #003399 } A:active { COLOR: #ff9933 } A.help { COLOR: #cc0000 } A.help:visited { COLOR: #cc0000 } A.help:active { COLOR: #cc0000 } .rowUnMarked TD { BORDER-BOTTOM: 2px solid } .rowMarked TD { BACKGROUND: #ffffcc; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ffcc66 2px solid } .rowWhite TD { BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } .rowSaved TD { BACKGROUND: #ffffff } .rowUnSaved TD { BACKGROUND: #ffffff } .rowMarked DIV { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .rowUnMarked DIV { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .rowSaved DIV { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .rowUnSaved DIV { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .desirable { FONT-SIZE: 75%; COLOR: #ff00ff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .buttonSearch { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 75%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffcc33 } .buttonClear { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 75%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffcc } .login { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: #999966; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .linkStd { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .redLink { COLOR: #cc0000 } .header { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 100%; COLOR: #990000; FONT-FAMILY: = Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .headerBlack { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .textMedium { FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .textMediumBold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .textMediumItalic { FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .textSmall { FONT-SIZE: 75%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .textReallySmall { FONT-SIZE: 40%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .textBold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 75%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .alerts { FONT-SIZE: 11px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; PADDING-TOP: 1px; FONT-FAMILY: = Helvetica, sans-serif } P.collections { FONT-SIZE: 80%; MARGIN: 8px 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } UL { LINE-HEIGHT: 150% } UL.none { MARGIN: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } .rowColored { BACKGROUND: #ffffcc; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } .italic { FONT-STYLE: italic } .bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .legal { FONT-SIZE: 75%; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .small { FONT-SIZE: 90%; MARGIN: 8px 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .subtitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 120% } .title { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 200% } .hangingIndent { MARGIN: 0px 0cm 0px 1cm; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm } .printbib { MARGIN-LEFT: 2em; TEXT-INDENT: -2em; LINE-HEIGHT: 2.1 } P.example { MARGIN-LEFT: 2em } .articletype { COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-FAMILY: "Courier New", Courier, monospace } .manual { COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-FAMILY: "Courier New", Courier, monospace } .rowNone TD { BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } P.NSForm { MARGIN-TOP: -1em } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C4A55B.1DE83260 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://proquest.umi.com/js/retrieve.js var naicArray =3D new Array(50);=0A= var naicIndex =3D 0;=0A= var sicArray =3D new Array(50);=0A= var sicIndex =3D 0;=0A= var tickerArray =3D new Array(50);=0A= var tickerIndex =3D 0;=0A= var subjectArray =3D new Array(50);=0A= var subjectIndex =3D 0;=0A= var generateMoreLikeThis =3D false;=0A= var absoluteDatabaseName =3D null;=0A= var requestString =3D null;=0A= var naicsExist =3D false;=0A= var sicExist =3D false;=0A= var tickerExist =3D false;=0A= var tickerName =3D ' ';=0A= var naicsName =3D ' ';=0A= var sicName =3D ' ';=0A= var subjectName =3D ' ';=0A= =0A= function setTickerName(name) {=0A= tickerName =3D name;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setNaicsName(name) {=0A= naicsName =3D name;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setSicName(name) {=0A= sicName =3D name;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setSubjectName(name) {=0A= subjectName =3D name;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function addSubject(sub) {=0A= //alert('adding subject '+sub+' Index '+subjectIndex);=0A= // Check to see if there is any repetition=0A= //alert("Entered subject: " + sub);=0A= for ( i =3D0 ; i < subjectIndex; i++ ) {=0A= //alert('ARRAY VALUE ['+subjectArray[i]+'] sub value ['+sub+']');=0A= if ( subjectArray[i] =3D=3D sub )=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= subjectArray[subjectIndex++] =3D sub;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function addNaic(sub) {=0A= //alert('adding naic '+sub+' Index '+naicIndex);=0A= // Check to see if there is any repetition=0A= for ( i =3D0 ; i < naicIndex; i++ ) {=0A= //alert('ARRAY VALUE ['+naicArray[i]+'] sub value ['+sub+']');=0A= if ( naicArray[i] =3D=3D sub )=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= naicArray[naicIndex++] =3D sub;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function addSic(sub) {=0A= //alert('adding sic '+sub+' Index '+sicIndex);=0A= for ( i =3D0 ; i < sicIndex; i++ ) {=0A= if ( sicArray[i] =3D=3D sub )=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= sicArray[sicIndex++] =3D sub;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function addTicker(sub) {=0A= //alert('adding ticker '+sub+' Index '+tickerIndex);=0A= for (i =3D0 ; i < tickerIndex; i++ ) {=0A= if ( tickerArray[i] =3D=3D sub )=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= tickerArray[tickerIndex++] =3D sub;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function generateSubjectMLT() {=0A= var str =3D ' ';=0A= var temp =3D '';=0A= if ( subjectIndex > 0 ) {=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= str =3D str + '' + subjectName + '';=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= for (i =3D 0 ; i < subjectIndex ; i++ ) {=0A= temp =3D subjectArray[i];=0A= //alert('Before =3D'+temp);=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'<hHl>','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'</hHl>','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'','');=0A= //alert('After =3D'+temp);=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= str =3D str + temp + '';=0A= if (i !=3D subjectIndex) {=0A= str =3D str + ' ';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= str =3D str + '' ;=0A= } // end Subject=0A= =0A= //alert(str);=0A= document.write(str);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function generateSubjectTerms() {=0A= var str =3D ' ';=0A= if ( subjectIndex > 0 ) {=0A= for (i =3D 0 ; i < subjectIndex ; i++ ) {=0A= temp =3D subjectArray[i];=0A= //alert('Before =3D'+temp);=0A= while(temp.indexOf('') >=3D 0 || temp.indexOf('') = >=3D 0 || temp.indexOf('<hHl>') >=3D 0 || = temp.indexOf('</hHl>') >=3D 0 )=0A= {=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'<hHl>','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'</hHl>','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'','');=0A= }=0A= //alert('After =3D'+temp);=0A= =0A= str =3D str + '' + temp +'';=0A= if (i !=3D (subjectIndex -1)) {=0A= str =3D str + ', ';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= } // end Subject=0A= =0A= while(str.indexOf('') >=3D 0 || str.indexOf('') >=3D 0)=0A= {=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, '','');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, '','');=0A= }=0A= =0A= //alert(str);=0A= document.write(str);=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function generateSubjectTermsPrint() {=0A= //alert('here');=0A= var str =3D ' ';=0A= if ( subjectIndex > 0 ) {=0A= //alert('here');=0A= for (i =3D 0 ; i < subjectIndex ; i++ ) {=0A= //alert('here1');=0A= temp =3D subjectArray[i];=0A= //alert('Before =3D'+temp);=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'<hHl>','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'</hHl>','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'','');=0A= temp =3DstringReplace(temp,'','');=0A= //alert('After =3D'+temp);=0A= str =3D str +temp;=0A= // alert('here2');=0A= if (i !=3D (subjectIndex - 1)) {=0A= str =3D str + ', ';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= } // end Subject=0A= =0A= //alert(str);=0A= document.write(str);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function generateNSTMLT() {=0A= var str =3D ' ';=0A= if ( tickerIndex > 0 ) {=0A= str =3D str + ''; =0A= str =3D str + '' + tickerName + '';=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= for (i =3D 0 ; i < tickerIndex ; i++ ) {=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= str =3D str + tickerArray[i] + '';=0A= if (i !=3D tickerIndex) {=0A= str =3D str + ' ';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= str =3D str + '' ;=0A= } // end ticker =0A= if ( naicIndex > 0 ) {=0A= str =3D str + ''; =0A= str =3D str + '' + naicsName + '';=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= for (i =3D 0 ; i < naicIndex ; i++ ) {=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= str =3D str + naicArray[i] + '';=0A= if (i !=3D tickerIndex) {=0A= str =3D str + ' ';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= str =3D str + '' ;=0A= } // end NAICS =0A= if ( sicIndex > 0 ) {=0A= str =3D str + ''; =0A= str =3D str + '' + sicName + '';=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= for (i =3D 0 ; i < sicIndex ; i++ ) {=0A= str =3D str + '';=0A= str =3D str + sicArray[i] + '';=0A= if (i !=3D tickerIndex) {=0A= str =3D str + ' ';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= str =3D str + '' ;=0A= } // end SIC=0A= =0A= //alert(str);=0A= document.write(str);=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= var ns6=3Ddocument.getElementById&&!document.all?1:0=0A= =0A= var head=3D"display:''"=0A= var folder=3D''=0A= =0A= function expandit(curobj){=0A= folder=3Dns6?curobj.nextSibling.nextSibling.style:document.all[curobj.sou= rceIndex+1].style=0A= if (folder.display=3D=3D"none")=0A= folder.display=3D""=0A= else=0A= folder.display=3D"none"=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function ltrim ( s )=0A= {=0A= return s.replace( /^\s*/, "" );=0A= }=0A= =0A= function rtrim ( s )=0A= {=0A= return s.replace( /\s*$/, "" );=0A= }=0A= =0A= function trim ( s )=0A= {=0A= return rtrim(ltrim(s));=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setRequestString(str) {=0A= requestString =3D str;=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function searchMoreLikeThis() {=0A= var isFirst =3D true;=0A= var qString =3D ' ';=0A= if ( document.article.moreLikeThis.length ) {=0A= for ( i =3D0 ; i ') >=3D 0 || str.indexOf('') >=3D 0)=0A= {=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, '','');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, '','');=0A= }=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, '<', ' ');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, '>', ' ');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, 'hHl', ' ');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, '/hHl', '');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, ',,', ',');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, ', ,', ',');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, ' ', ' ');=0A= // Do it twice just so that if we have " ,"=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, ' ,',',');=0A= str =3D stringReplace(str, ' ,',',');=0A= //alert("returning from stripstrings: " + str);=0A= return str;=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function searchSideWays(sf, str) {=0A= //alert("ssw entered: " + str);=0A= str =3D stripStrings(str, true);=0A= //alert("after stripStrings: " + str);=0A= document.article.SQ.value =3D sf + '(' + str + ')';=0A= //alert("SearchSideWays sq.value: " + document.article.SQ.value);=0A= document.article.submit();=0A= return false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function stringReplace(str1, str2, str3) { =0A= =0A= //alert("Entered stringReplace: " + str1 + "|"+ str2 + "|" + str3); =0A= if(str2 =3D=3D "(" || str2 =3D=3D ")" || str2 =3D=3D "[" || str2 =3D=3D = "]")=0A= {=0A= str1 =3D str1.split(str2).join(str3); //<-- SLOW=0A= // This doesn't work in netscape=0A= while(str1.indexOf(str2) !=3D -1) {=0A= //alert("replacing: " + str2);=0A= str1 =3D str1.replace(str2, str3);=0A= } =0A= }=0A= else =0A= {=0A= str1 =3D str1.replace(str2, str3);=0A= }=0A= //str1 =3D str1.split(str2).join(str3); //<-- SLOW=0A= // This doesn't work in netscape=0A= //while(str1.indexOf(str2) !=3D -1) {=0A= // str1 =3D str1.replace(str2, str3);=0A= //} =0A= //alert("Returning from stringReplace: " + str1);=0A= return str1; =0A= } =0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C4A55B.1DE83260 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://proquest.umi.com/js/wave.js var fbNumBars =3D 16; // number of bars in the wave var arrColors =3D [[255, 195], [153, 220], [0, 121]]; // the possible = colors of the bars var arrBarColors =3D [0]; // the actual colors for each bar var arrBars =3D [0]; // the bars var arrPercents =3D [0]; // the hight of the bars var uberBar =3D null; // container layer that holds all the bars var fbWidth =3D 2; // the width of each bar var fbGap =3D 1; // the space between bars var fbHeight =3D 20; // the max height of each bar var fbInitLeft =3D 200; // left will be overridden to left of search = button var fbInitTop =3D 200; // top will be overridden to top of search button var iTimeOutInterval =3D 20; // the bigger the number the slower the = wave var bCancled =3D false;=09 function searchFeedback() { if (document.layers) return; =09 /* ----- removed stuff to cancel feedback = scrollH=3D(window.pageYOffset!=3Dnull)?window.pageYOffset:document.body.s= crollTop; var oCapture =3D null if (document.all) oCapture =3D captureClick; else if (document.getElementById) oCapture =3D document.getElementById("captureClick"); if (oCapture) { oCapture.style.top =3D scrollH + "px"; oCapture.style.visibility =3D "visible"; } -------------------- */=09 bCancled =3D false; var elementReference =3D null; if (document.all) elementReference =3D whereIsButton; else if (document.getElementById) elementReference =3D document.getElementById("whereIsButton"); if (elementReference =3D=3D null) return; // find the location of the search button fbInitLeft =3D DL_GetElementLeft(elementReference); fbInitTop =3D DL_GetElementTop(elementReference); // show the wave = under the button if (uberBar =3D=3D null) { var sRed, sGreen, sBlue; var incRed, incGreen, incBlue; var fSin; incRed =3D Math.floor((arrColors[0][1] - arrColors[0][0])); incGreen =3D Math.floor((arrColors[1][1] - arrColors[1][0])); incBlue =3D Math.floor((arrColors[2][1] - arrColors[2][0])); uberBar =3D document.createElement("DIV"); document.body.appendChild(uberBar); with (uberBar.style) { position =3D "absolute"; visibility =3D "visible"; zIndex =3D "19"; background =3D "white"; width =3D (fbWidth+fbGap)*fbNumBars*2; var add2 =3D fbHeight * fSin + fbHeight*3; height =3D fbHeight*2; left =3D fbInitLeft; top =3D fbInitTop; clip =3D "rect(0 "+(fbWidth+fbGap)*fbNumBars*2+" "+fbHeight*6+" 0)"; } =09 =09 for (i=3D0; i"; with (arrBars[i].style) { position =3D "absolute"; visibility =3D "inherit"; background =3D "#FF9900"; zIndex =3D "20"; width =3D fbWidth+"px"; height =3D "2px"; left =3D i*(fbWidth + fbGap); top =3D fbHeight/2 - 1; // (fbHeight - (fbHeight * fSin + fbHeight)/2) + "px"; } arrBars[i].maxheight =3D fbHeight * fSin2; arrPercents[i] =3D 0; arrPercents[i+fbNumBars] =3D fSin2; arrBarColors[i] =3D "#FF9900"; arrBarColors[i+fbNumBars] =3D "#"+sRed+sGreen+sBlue; } // if you want to have the wave speed up each time the search button is // pressed, move the following 2 lines out of the if {} uberBar.style.visibility =3D "visible"; fbStartWave(); } } function fbStartWave() { if (bCancled) return; for (i=3D1; i0; i--) { arrPercents[i] =3D arrPercents[i-1]; arrBarColors[i] =3D arrBarColors[i-1]; } arrPercents[0] =3D fPct0; arrBarColors[0] =3D sColor0; setTimeout("fbStartWave()", iTimeOutInterval); } function fb_getColor(iColor, iinc) { var sColor =3D Math.floor((arrColors[iColor][0] + Math.floor(iinc))); sColor =3D returnBase(sColor, 16) + ""; if (sColor.length < 2) sColor =3D "0" + sColor; return sColor; } function makeArray() { for (i =3D 0; i=3D base) var output =3D returnBase(MSD,base) + = convert[LSD]; else var output =3D convert[MSD] + convert[LSD]; } return output; } // the following scripts were found on=20 // http://www.webreference.com/dhtml/diner/realpos4/ function DL_GetElementLeft(eElement) { if (!eElement && this) =20 { =20 eElement =3D this; =20 } =20 var DL_bIE =3D document.all ? true : false;=20 var nLeftPos =3D eElement.offsetLeft; =20 var eParElement =3D eElement.offsetParent; =20 while (eParElement !=3D null) { =20 if(DL_bIE) =20 { if( (eParElement.tagName !=3D "TABLE") && (eParElement.tagName = !=3D "BODY") ) { =20 nLeftPos +=3D eParElement.clientLeft;=20 } } else =20 { if(eParElement.tagName =3D=3D "TABLE") =20 { =20 var nParBorder =3D parseInt(eParElement.border); if(isNaN(nParBorder)) =20 { =20 var nParFrame =3D eParElement.getAttribute('frame'); if(nParFrame !=3D null) =20 { nLeftPos +=3D 1; =20 } } else if(nParBorder > 0) =20 { nLeftPos +=3D nParBorder; =20 } } } nLeftPos +=3D eParElement.offsetLeft; =20 eParElement =3D eParElement.offsetParent;=20 } =20 return nLeftPos; =20 } function DL_GetElementTop(eElement) { if (!eElement && this) =20 { =20 eElement =3D this; =20 } =20 var DL_bIE =3D document.all ? true : false;=20 var nTopPos =3D eElement.offsetTop; =20 var eParElement =3D eElement.offsetParent; =20 while (eParElement !=3D null) { =20 if(DL_bIE) =20 { if( (eParElement.tagName !=3D "TABLE") && (eParElement.tagName = !=3D "BODY") ) { =20 nTopPos +=3D eParElement.clientTop;=20 } } else =20 { if(eParElement.tagName =3D=3D "TABLE") =20 { =20 var nParBorder =3D parseInt(eParElement.border); if(isNaN(nParBorder)) =20 { =20 var nParFrame =3D eParElement.getAttribute('frame'); if(nParFrame !=3D null) =20 { nTopPos +=3D 1; =20 } } else if(nParBorder > 0) =20 { nTopPos +=3D nParBorder; =20 } } } nTopPos +=3D eParElement.offsetTop; =20 eParElement =3D eParElement.offsetParent;=20 } =20 return nTopPos; =20 } /* ----- removed stuff to cancel feedback if (!document.layers) document.write("

"); function cancelFeedback() { bCancled =3D true; var oCapture =3D null if (document.all) oCapture =3D captureClick; else if (document.getElementById) oCapture =3D document.getElementById("captureClick"); if (oCapture) captureClick.style.visibility =3D "hidden"; =09 uberBar.style.visibility =3D "hidden"; } ------------------- */ ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C4A55B.1DE83260 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://proquest.umi.com/code/dyn-help.js =0A= var HELP_LAYER =3D "dynHelp";=0A= var szCurHelp;=0A= =0A= firstTime =3D 1;=0A= firstMsg =3D "";=0A= function doHelp(szId, bOn)=0A= {=0A= // alert("hello");=0A= //alert("doHelp: " + szId + "," + bOn);=0A= // var szTmp =3D eval(szId + "Desc");=0A= var szTmp =3D "";=0A= =0A= if (bOn)=0A= szTmp =3D szId; =0A= //eval(szId + "Desc"); This line is no longer needed since we're = not passing a variable name, but rather the text itself=0A= else=0A= szTmp =3D firstMsg;=0A= //alert("szTmp :"+ szTmp);=0A= if (BR_NS4)=0A= document.dynHelp.top =3D document.tipBorder.pageY + 18;=0A= =0A= // ie? dynHelp.style.top =3D tipBorder.offsetTop + 18; =0A= //var szFunc =3D"writeLayer(HELP_LAYER,'"+szTmp+"')";=0A= //var nLocDelay =3D 0;=0A= if (firstTime =3D=3D 1) {=0A= firstTime =3D 0;=0A= firstMsg =3D szTmp;=0A= } =0A= //setTimeout(szFunc, nLocDelay);=0A= =0A= if(BR_Mac)=0A= szTmp=3D"" + szTmp + "";=0A= writeLayer(HELP_LAYER, szTmp);=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= // Following are strings for various hot help components. Should be = broken into generic=0A= // and page specific files to optimize load times....=0A= =0A= =0A= // They used to live here, but now the actual strings live in the = message files (part of the new local language support)=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C4A55B.1DE83260 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://proquest.umi.com/js/overlib.js //\//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////= ////////////=0A= //\ overLIB 3.50 -- This notice must remain untouched at all times.=0A= //\ Copyright Erik Bosrup 1998-2001. All rights reserved.=0A= //\=0A= //\ By Erik Bosrup (erik@bosrup.com). Last modified 2001-08-28.=0A= //\ Portions by Dan Steinman (dansteinman.com). Additions by other = people are=0A= //\ listed on the overLIB homepage.=0A= //\=0A= //\ Get the latest version at http://www.bosrup.com/web/overlib/=0A= //\=0A= //\ This script is published under an open source license. Please read = the license=0A= //\ agreement online at: http://www.bosrup.com/web/overlib/license.html=0A= //\ If you have questions regarding the license please contact = erik@bosrup.com.=0A= //\=0A= //\ This script library was originally created for personal use. By = request it has=0A= //\ later been made public. This is free software. Do not sell this as = your own=0A= //\ work, or remove this copyright notice. For full details on copying = or changing=0A= //\ this script please read the license agreement at the link above.=0A= //\=0A= //\ Please give credit on sites that use overLIB and submit changes of = the script=0A= //\ so other people can use them as well. This script is free to use, = don't abuse.=0A= //\//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////= ////////////=0A= //\mini=0A= =0A= =0A= /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////= ///////////=0A= // CONSTANTS=0A= // Don't touch these. :)=0A= /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////= ///////////=0A= var INARRAY =3D 1;=0A= var CAPARRAY =3D 2;=0A= var STICKY =3D 3;=0A= var BACKGROUND =3D 4;=0A= var NOCLOSE =3D 5;=0A= var CAPTION =3D 6;=0A= var LEFT =3D 7;=0A= var RIGHT =3D 8;=0A= var CENTER =3D 9;=0A= var OFFSETX =3D 10;=0A= var OFFSETY =3D 11;=0A= var FGCOLOR =3D 12;=0A= var BGCOLOR =3D 13;=0A= var TEXTCOLOR =3D 14;=0A= var CAPCOLOR =3D 15;=0A= var CLOSECOLOR =3D 16;=0A= var WIDTH =3D 17;=0A= var BORDER =3D 18;=0A= var STATUS =3D 19;=0A= var AUTOSTATUS =3D 20;=0A= var AUTOSTATUSCAP =3D 21;=0A= var HEIGHT =3D 22;=0A= var CLOSETEXT =3D 23;=0A= var SNAPX =3D 24;=0A= var SNAPY =3D 25;=0A= var FIXX =3D 26;=0A= var FIXY =3D 27;=0A= var FGBACKGROUND =3D 28;=0A= var BGBACKGROUND =3D 29;=0A= var PADX =3D 30; // PADX2 out=0A= var PADY =3D 31; // PADY2 out=0A= var FULLHTML =3D 34;=0A= var ABOVE =3D 35;=0A= var BELOW =3D 36;=0A= var CAPICON =3D 37;=0A= var TEXTFONT =3D 38;=0A= var CAPTIONFONT =3D 39;=0A= var CLOSEFONT =3D 40;=0A= var TEXTSIZE =3D 41;=0A= var CAPTIONSIZE =3D 42;=0A= var CLOSESIZE =3D 43;=0A= var FRAME =3D 44;=0A= var TIMEOUT =3D 45;=0A= var FUNCTION =3D 46;=0A= var DELAY =3D 47;=0A= var HAUTO =3D 48;=0A= var VAUTO =3D 49;=0A= var CLOSECLICK =3D 50;=0A= var CSSOFF =3D 51;=0A= var CSSSTYLE =3D 52;=0A= var CSSCLASS =3D 53;=0A= var FGCLASS =3D 54;=0A= var BGCLASS =3D 55;=0A= var TEXTFONTCLASS =3D 56;=0A= var CAPTIONFONTCLASS =3D 57;=0A= var CLOSEFONTCLASS =3D 58;=0A= var PADUNIT =3D 59;=0A= var HEIGHTUNIT =3D 60;=0A= var WIDTHUNIT =3D 61;=0A= var TEXTSIZEUNIT =3D 62;=0A= var TEXTDECORATION =3D 63;=0A= var TEXTSTYLE =3D 64;=0A= var TEXTWEIGHT =3D 65;=0A= var CAPTIONSIZEUNIT =3D 66;=0A= var CAPTIONDECORATION =3D 67;=0A= var CAPTIONSTYLE =3D 68;=0A= var CAPTIONWEIGHT =3D 69;=0A= var CLOSESIZEUNIT =3D 70;=0A= var CLOSEDECORATION =3D 71;=0A= var CLOSESTYLE =3D 72;=0A= var CLOSEWEIGHT =3D 73;=0A= =0A= =0A= /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////= ///////////=0A= // DEFAULT CONFIGURATION=0A= // You don't have to change anything here if you don't want to. All of = this can be=0A= // changed on your html page or through an overLIB call.=0A= /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////= ///////////=0A= =0A= // Main background color (the large area)=0A= // Usually a bright color (white, yellow etc)=0A= if (typeof ol_fgcolor =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_fgcolor =3D = "#FFFFCC";}=0A= =0A= // Border color and color of caption=0A= // Usually a dark color (black, brown etc)=0A= if (typeof ol_bgcolor =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_bgcolor =3D = "#888851";}=0A= =0A= // Text color=0A= // Usually a dark color=0A= if (typeof ol_textcolor =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_textcolor =3D = "#000000";}=0A= =0A= // Color of the caption text=0A= // Usually a bright color=0A= if (typeof ol_capcolor =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_capcolor =3D = "#FFFFFF";}=0A= =0A= // Color of "Close" when using Sticky=0A= // Usually a semi-bright color=0A= if (typeof ol_closecolor =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_closecolor =3D = "#9999FF";}=0A= =0A= // Font face for the main text=0A= if (typeof ol_textfont =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_textfont =3D = "Verdana,Arial,Helvetica";}=0A= =0A= // Font face for the caption=0A= if (typeof ol_captionfont =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_captionfont =3D = "Verdana,Arial,Helvetica";}=0A= =0A= // Font face for the close text=0A= if (typeof ol_closefont =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_closefont =3D = "Verdana,Arial,Helvetica";}=0A= =0A= // Font size for the main text=0A= // When using CSS this will be very small.=0A= if (typeof ol_textsize =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_textsize =3D "1";}=0A= =0A= // Font size for the caption=0A= // When using CSS this will be very small.=0A= if (typeof ol_captionsize =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_captionsize =3D = "1";}=0A= =0A= // Font size for the close text=0A= // When using CSS this will be very small.=0A= if (typeof ol_closesize =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_closesize =3D "1";}=0A= =0A= // Width of the popups in pixels=0A= // 100-300 pixels is typical=0A= if (typeof ol_width =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_width =3D "200";}=0A= =0A= // How thick the ol_border should be in pixels=0A= // 1-3 pixels is typical=0A= if (typeof ol_border =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_border =3D "1";}=0A= =0A= // How many pixels to the right/left of the cursor to show the popup=0A= // Values between 3 and 12 are best=0A= if (typeof ol_offsetx =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_offsetx =3D 15;}=0A= =0A= // How many pixels to the below the cursor to show the popup=0A= // Values between 3 and 12 are best=0A= if (typeof ol_offsety =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_offsety =3D -35;}=0A= =0A= // Default text for popups=0A= // Should you forget to pass something to overLIB this will be displayed.=0A= if (typeof ol_text =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_text =3D "Default Text"; = }=0A= =0A= // Default caption=0A= // You should leave this blank or you will have problems making non caps = popups.=0A= if (typeof ol_cap =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_cap =3D ""; }=0A= =0A= // Decides if sticky popups are default.=0A= // 0 for non, 1 for stickies.=0A= if (typeof ol_sticky =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_sticky =3D 0; }=0A= =0A= // Default background image. Better left empty unless you always want = one.=0A= if (typeof ol_background =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_background =3D ""; = }=0A= =0A= // Text for the closing sticky popups.=0A= // Normal is "Close".=0A= if (typeof ol_close =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_close =3D "Close"; }=0A= =0A= // Default vertical alignment for popups.=0A= // It's best to leave RIGHT here. Other options are LEFT and CENTER.=0A= if (typeof ol_hpos =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_hpos =3D RIGHT; }=0A= =0A= // Default status bar text when a popup is invoked.=0A= if (typeof ol_status =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_status =3D ""; }=0A= =0A= // If the status bar automatically should load either text or caption.=0A= // 0=3Dnothing, 1=3Dtext, 2=3Dcaption=0A= if (typeof ol_autostatus =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_autostatus =3D 0; }=0A= =0A= // Default height for popup. Often best left alone.=0A= if (typeof ol_height =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_height =3D -1; }=0A= =0A= // Horizontal grid spacing that popups will snap to.=0A= // 0 makes no grid, anything else will cause a snap to that grid spacing.=0A= if (typeof ol_snapx =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_snapx =3D 0; }=0A= =0A= // Vertical grid spacing that popups will snap to.=0A= // 0 makes no grid, andthing else will cause a snap to that grid spacing.=0A= if (typeof ol_snapy =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_snapy =3D 0; }=0A= =0A= // Sets the popups horizontal position to a fixed column.=0A= // Anything above -1 will cause fixed position.=0A= if (typeof ol_fixx =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_fixx =3D -1; }=0A= =0A= // Sets the popups vertical position to a fixed row.=0A= // Anything above -1 will cause fixed position.=0A= if (typeof ol_fixy =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_fixy =3D -1; }=0A= =0A= // Background image for the popups inside.=0A= if (typeof ol_fgbackground =3D=3D 'undefined') { var ol_fgbackground =3D = ""; }=0A= =0A= // Background image for the popups f